[PDF] To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo Pierre Duhem; Stanley L. Jaki; Edmund Dolan; Chaninah Maschler

Duhem’s 1908 essay questions the relation between physical theory and metaphysics and, more specifically, between astronomy and physics?an issue still of importance today. He critiques the answers given by Greek thought, Arabic science, medieval Christian scholasticism, and, finally, the astronomers of the Renaissance.